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Mutiny of the Matoika
Mutiny of the ''Matoika'' is the common name for the events in July 1920 involving a large portion of the Olympic team of the United States while on board the U.S. Army transport ship , headed to Antwerp for the 1920 Summer Olympics. ''Princess Matoika'' was a last-minute substitute for another ship and, according to the athletes, did not have adequate accommodations or training facilities on board. Near the end of the voyage, the athletes published a list of grievances and demands and distributed copies of the document to the United States Secretary of War, the American Olympic Committee (AOC) members, and the press. The incident received wide coverage in American newspapers at the time and was still being discussed in the popular press years later. The event was not a mutiny in the traditional sense, but has been called that since the mid-1930s.
== Background ==
In 1920, the number of ocean liners carrying passengers on the North Atlantic gradually increased, but was still far below the pre-war years; arrivals at Atlantic ports in the United States were still down some 60% from pre-war numbers.〔Immigration Information Bureau. See figures for 1913, the last full year before the war (pp. 165–174) vs. the figures for 1920 (pp. 198–202).〕 With the fewer ships and sailings available, the AOC made arrangements with both the U.S. Army and the U.S. Navy to transport the United States Olympic team to Antwerp. The Navy agreed to carry team members who were affiliated with their branch of the service, and the Army, to carry civilian and Army-affiliated competitors. The Olympic trip got off to a bad start when the Army's scheduled ship, , was declared unseaworthy, requiring a last-minute substitution. The last-minute selection of the ''Matoika'' meant the original planned departure date, July 20, had to be pushed back by six days to ready the liner to sail.〔 This article in ''The New York Times'' and one in ''The Washington Post'' ("Uncle Sam causes delay in American Olympic invasion", July 10, 1920, p. 6) both identify the ship as the ''Northern Pacific''. Findling and Pelle mistakenly identify the ship as ''Northern Pacific'''s sister ship (p. 56).〕
The ''Matoika'' had been in the service of the U.S. Army as a transport ship since September 1919, and, until the time of her selection, had been returning American soldiers from Europe and repatriating the remains of Americans killed during the war.〔For returning troops, see, for example: For repatriated remains, see: 〕 Before World War I, the ''Matoika'' had been a passenger liner for North German Lloyd by the name of ''Princess Alice''. After the United States joined the conflict in 1917, the liner had been pressed into service for the U.S. Navy carrying American troops to Europe; she was renamed ''Princess Matoika'', after one of the given names for Pocahontas, as part of an order to replace Germanic names of seized ships with American names.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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